Civil Disobedience and the Bible Essay - 564 Words

Civil disobedience is a nonviolent opposition to a law through refusal to comply with it, on grounds of conscience. I understand why somebody might want to oppose the law. Somebody might have their own beliefs on what is right and wrong and they wouldn’t know when theyre disobeying. But when you do know what youre doing, if you don’t obey a certain law set forth for you to follow, there most likely will be some kind of consequence for not following the law. You could go to jail, be put on restraint, have something taken away, etc. There are a number of other consequences that could be given to someone for disobeying a law. The Bible talks about obedience. When Solomon and his workers followed God’s instructions, the Temple†¦show more content†¦But, they got the fire from a different source – not where God told them to get the fire from (Leviticus 10:1). God killed both of them (Leviticus 10:2). 3. Moses was commanded to tell the rock to pour out its water (Numbers 20:8). He did what he was told, but also hit the rock with his staff (Numbers 20:11). He couldn’t enter the Promised Land (Numbers 20:12). 4. God told Saul to destroy all of the Amelakites (1 Samuel 15:3). He killed all but the king, and kept some treasure for himself (1 Samuel 15:8-9). God punished him by promising to end his reign (1 Samuel 15:16-26). 5. Uzzah was told that only a priest could touch the furnishings in the Tabernacle (Numbers 4:15). He touched the Ark of the Covenant (2 Samuel 6:6), and died instantly (2 Samuel 6:7). God says in Leviticus 26:14 â€Å"If you don’t obey me and break my laws, I will punish you with terrors, wasting diseases, and burning fevers, causing your eyes to fail and your life to ebb away. I will turn against you, and all your enemies will defeat you. And if after all this you still disobey me, I will punish you for your sins seven times over. All your work will be for nothing. Your land will yield no crops, and your trees will bear no fruit. And after that you still don’t obey me, I will release wild animals that will kill your children and destroy your cattle.† So God is telling us that pretty much no matter when or how we disobey Him, weShow MoreRelatedWalden and Transcendentalism Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pageson the goodness of nature. When it is mentioned, it is shown, as was stated above, that nature serves as a sort of looking glass to spiritual ideals. Because this book was quoted often by radical groups in 1960-70, Walden became a sign of disobedience and rebellion to the conservative community. However, there are a few ideas of which Christians can approve. The first is non-materialism. Thoreau quotes Matthew 6:19 saying, â€Å"By a seeming fate, commonly called necessity, they are employed, asRead MoreChristian Belief Systems : The Humanist And The Christian Beliefs974 Words   |  4 Pageshomosexuality, etc. This creates a problematic among government s identifying with one or the other when interpreting Law. 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On the other hand, Sophocles, in the play â€Å"Antigone† reveals the grief, struggle, inner strife and distressRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail812 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1960’s, racism was still a prominent problem in America. The Civil Rights Movement was under way. African Americans were fighting for their basic human rights. One of the most notable figures of the Civil Rights Movement was Martin Luther King Jr. He fought for African American’s rights using nonviolent resistance; however, during a protest in Birmingham, Alabama, Dr. King was thrown into jail. While in his jail cell, Dr. King wrote a letter to clergymen from the Birmingham jail claimingRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pages835). King’s purpose in writing â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategy of nonviolent direct action in Birmingham and to justify the process and characteristics needed to attain the goals of both nonviolent direct action and civil disobedience in a just manner. One of the main purposes of King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategy of NVDA in Birmingham. King defends this strategy in the beginning of the letter when he states â€Å"It is unfortunate that demonstrationsRead MoreEssay on Civil Disobedience738 Words   |  3 PagesCivil Disobedience Henry Thoreau wrote an essay about it in the 19th century. Martin Luther King, Jr. preached it in the South. Mahatma Gandhi encouraged it in India. Nelson Mandela went to jail for promoting it. The Bible says that Paul, Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were all guilty of it. According wikipedia.org, civil disobedience encompasses the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government or of an occupying power without resorting to physical violenceRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.1259 Words   |  6 Pagesunjust laws and hypocrisy among a religion. Furthermore, the peaceful protests are seen as a form of civil disobedience which is why it is punishable by law. As an illustration King   uses the example of the Boston Tea Party and how without that act which was seen as civil disobedience, America would not be here today. This shows that when in the right context and for the right reasons civil disobedience can be of necessary actions. However, the peaceful protests against racism are not given the sameRead More Civil Disobedience Martin Luther King David Thoreau LA riot Essay examples1119 Words   |  5 Pages Civil Disobedience On April 29, 1992, the City of Los Angeles was surrounded in a riot in response to the quot;not guiltyquot; verdicts in the trial of four white Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers accused of unlawfully beating Rodney King. Six days later, when the fires were finally extinguished and the smoke had cleared, â€Å"estimates of the material damage done vary between about $800 million and $1 billion, 54 people had been killed, more than 2000 injured, in excess of 800 structuresRead MoreCivil Disobedience Martin Luther King David Thoreau La Riot1146 Words   |  5 PagesCivil Disobedience On April 29, 1992, the City of Los Angeles was surrounded in a riot in response to the not guilty verdicts in the trial of four white Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers accused of unlawfully beating Rodney King. Six days later, when the fires were finally extinguished and the smoke had cleared, estimates of the material damage done vary between about $800 million and $1 billion, 54 people had been killed, more than 2000 injured, in excess of 800 structures wereRead MoreBeing a Good Citizen Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesdespite some kind of injustice within them? Are good citizens obliged to blindly follow the government policies? It follows then, what is good citizenship? Henry David Thoreau provides an adequate definition of good citizenship within his essay, Civil Disobedience; Thoreau discusses certain characteristics of a good citizen. Examples of Thoreaus definition exist in both the ancient and contemporary culture. Sophocles describes Antigone as a good citizen by Thoreaus definition. Within the play, Antigone

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Free Essays

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Almost all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. Many factors in a cell’s environment affect the action of an enzyme. In this investigation, you will design an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now You will complete an entire lab write-up using the CHS LAB REPORT FORMAT. Fundamental Question How does temperature affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? Materials †¢Raw liver†¢Forceps †¢Petri dish†¢Labeling tape and pen †¢Dropper pipette†¢Ice bath †¢0. 1% hydrogen peroxide solution†¢3 thermometers †¢Liver puree†¢Warm-water bath †¢25-mL graduated cylinder†¢Clock or watch with second hand †¢5 50-mL beakers†¢Paper towels †¢Filter-paper disks Part A: Observe the Catalase Reaction 1. Put on apron and safety goggles. Use forceps to place a small piece of raw liver in an open petri dish. Use a dropper pipette to put a drop of hydrogen peroxide solution on the liver. CAUTION: Hydrogen peroxide can be irritating to skin and eyes. If you spill any on yourself or your clothes, wash it off immediately and tell your teacher. Observe what happens. RECORD in notebook. Liver contains the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water (H2O) and oxygen gas (O2). When hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase, bubbles of oxygen gas are released. 2. With your teacher’s guidance, select the proper equipment and technology to measure catalase activity—a filter-paper disk. . To measure the activity of catalase, use a graduated cylinder to place 25 mL of hydrogen peroxide solution in a 50-mL beaker. 4. Use forceps to dip a filter-paper disk in liver puree. Place the filter-paper disk on a paper towel for 4 seconds to remove any excess liquid. 5. Use the forceps to place the filter-paper disk at the bottom of the beaker of hydrogen peroxide solution. Observe the filter-paper disk, and record the number of seconds it takes to float to the top of the liquid. RECORD in notebook. Part B: Design an Experiment 1. Use your observation and knowledge to develop a TESTABLE QUESTION and about how temperature will affect the rate at which catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide. RECORD in notebook : TQ in When†¦Will format; 2. Write a BACKGROUND section of the lab by doing some research about enzymes. Use part A of this lab, and the information in section 2-4 of the textbook to help you write this. Be sure to include the Biological significance (why does it matter how enzymes function; why is it essential to rid the cell of H2O2; why is enzyme specificity important to the speed of the reaction), the Content of the class (what is the enzymatic reaction; what are the products, reactants, and enzymes involved in the chemical reaction; what do you expect to happen to the speed of the reaction when temperature is manipulated; what do enzymes do in chemical reactions), and the Link to this lab (how will you test this in lab; what are the mv, rv, and cvs in the lab). RECORD in notebook in paragraph format. 3. Write a HYPOTHESIS to include your prediction of what will happen in the lab. RECORD in notebook: HYP in IF†¦THEN†¦BECAUSE format. 4. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. Your experimental plan should include PROTOCOL (materials and procedure in pictures) as well as any appropriate controls and replications (repetitions). Be sure to identify all manipulated, responding, and controlled variables in your experimental plan. Include any necessary safety precautions and safety equipment in your plan. . As you plan your investigative procedures, refer to the Lab Tips box on p. 55 of your textbook for information on demonstrating safe practices, making wise choices in the use of materials, and selecting equipment and technology. 6. Construct a DATA table similar to the one below in which to record the results of your experiment. Perform you experiment ONLY after you have obtained your teacher’s approval of your plan. RECOR D data in your notebook. Data Table Temperature (oC)Time (seconds)Observations Trial 1Trial2Trial3 Control Temperature: 7. Make a graph of the results of your experiment. Plot temperature on the x-axis and the variable by which you measured catalase activity on the y-axis. RECORD the graph in your notebook under the ANALYSIS section. Explain this graph. 8. Make a graph of class results in the ANALYSIS section. Explain this graph. In addition to your graph, write the rest of the ANALYSIS section of the lab, using the CHS LAB REPORT FORMAT. Include the following in your notebook: Explain what should have happened Identify what should have happened including the relationship between the time it takes the disk to float to the top and the amount of catalase activity; the optimal temperature for the enzyme; the shape change of enzymes when not in homeostasis and how that changes the effectiveness of the enzyme. Explain what actually happened †¢Summarize data Explain why these results occurred by incorporating background information †¢Again, use the information from the backgro und section (enzyme structure, enzyme function, homeostasis, temperature, pH, etc) to explain the actual results. Compare actual to expected results (describe and explain similarities and differences—use numbers) Use simple statistics to explain data †¢Be sure to use both extremes represented (coldest, hottest, fastest, slowest) and be sure to use averages (group and class) calculate percent change if appropriate State likely human errors and how these affected the data †¢What did go wrong, what could’ve gone wrong, explain Explain how the experiment could’ve been done differently †¢Did this lab protocol actually test the testable question? Were the controlled variables actually controlled? †¢What could’ve been controlled better? †¢Was the experimental control actually controlled? 9. Write a CONCLUSION for the lab, again referring to the CHS format. RECORD in your notebook and be sure to include the following: †¢Re-state the hypothesis and indicate whether it was supported or rejected †¢Did this protocol answer the fundamental questi on? †¢What controlled variable(s) could be changed to better answer the fundamental question? (Describe at least two different ones) How to cite Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity, Essay examples

Stages of Product Lifecycle Free Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Define Consumer and Industrial Products. Give an Example of each.2.What are the different Phases/Stages of the Product Category Life Cycle?3.What are the Four Characteristics of Services?4.Think of an example of a Discontinuous Innovation. What Probably Encouraged and Enabled it to become widely adopted?5.Do you agree that Marketing Service Products is no different to Marketing Goods- Based Products? Give your reasons. Answers Marketing principles 1.A consumer product is an item that is kept for daily use by the individual or given households for private consumption. The goods are only held for consumption only but not for business purpose. Examples of consumer products will include handbags, clothing, smart phones and radio systems. While on the other hand industrial products refers to the products which are not directly used by the end users or customers in the market but they are first used by industries to manufacture products Lovelock (2001). Examples will include timber and glue 2.Stages of product lifecycle includes introduction where product is launched, growth stage where product is accepted in market, maturity stage in which the sales reach peak and lastly the decline stage in which the sales begin to decline. 3. the characteristics of services includes the following; there is lack of ownership in which you cannot store a service. Products are intangible, inseparable from service providers and lastly they possess heterogeneity in which they vary. 4.Discontinuous innovation refers to a new product that brings a great change in the way we live. Example includes introduction of smart phones which has enhanced communication and changed how we interact. 5.Marketing service products is no different to marketing goods based products because both involves satisfying the needs of the customers in the market. The different marketing tools can be applied to both which includes personal selling, promotion and advertising. In both cases the customers obtain utility or satisfaction from the provision of the services or products. References Cierpicki, S., Wright, M. and Sharp, B., 2000. Managers knowledge of marketing principles:The case of new product development. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, 5(3). Lovelock, C. and Wright, L., 2001. Principles of service marketing and management. Prentice Sharp B., 2013.Theory Evidence practice 1st Edition ,Oxford University Press, South

Presidential Election Of 1856 Essays - Bleeding Kansas,

Presidential Election of 1856 Title: The Contenders For the presidential election of 1856, the Democrats nominated James Buchanan and John Breckenridge, the newly formed Republican party nominated John Fremont and William Drayton, the American [or Know-Nothing] party nominated former president Millard Fillmore and Andrew Donelson, and the Abolition Party nominated Gerrit Smith and Samuel McFarland. Buchanan started his political career as a state representative in Pennsylvania, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1821, appointed minister to Russia in 1832, and elected US Senator in 1834. He was appointed Secretary of State in 1845 by President Polk and in that capacity helped forge the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War. He was appointed by President Polk as minister to Great Britain in 1853. As such, he, along with the American ministers to Spain and France, issued the Ostend Manifesto, which recommended the annexation of Cuba to the United States. This endeared him to southerners, who assumed Cuba would be a slave state. He was one of several northerners supported over the years by southern Democrats for being amenable to slaveholders' interests, a situation originating with Martin van Buren. Buchanan's two major rivals for the nomination, Franklin Pierce and Stephen Douglas, were both politically tainted by the bloodshed in Kansas. Buchanan was untainted, since he had been abroad during most of the controversy. Even so, he did not secure the nomination until the seventeenth ballot. Fremont was best known as an explorer and a war hero. He surveyed the land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, explored the Oregon Trail territories and crossed the Sierra Madres into the Sacramento Valley. As a captain in the Army, he returned to California and helped the settlers overthrow Mexican rule in what became known as the Bear Flag Revolution, a sidebar to the Mexican War. He was elected as one of California's first two Senators. The infant Republican party was born from the ashes of the Whig party, which had suffered spontaneous combustion as a result of the slavery issue. The party's convention was a farce; only northern states and a few border slave states sent delegates. Sticking to their Whig roots, they nominated a war hero, albeit a minor one. William Drayton's runner-up for the VP slot was Abraham Lincoln. Fillmore, having been the thirteenth president following the death of Zachary Taylor, found himself representing the American party after many northern delegates left the convention over a rift caused by the slavery issue. Their objection was that the party platform was not strong enough against the spread of slavery. The party's vice presidential nominee was a nephew of Andrew Jackson and the editor of the Washington Union. The party, also known as the Know-Nothings, was extremely antagonistic towards immigrants, Catholics and other assorted minorities. The party was born in 1850, when several covert "Native American" societies joined together, their secret password being "I know nothing." Smith was nominated by the Abolition party in New York, which had nominated Frederick Douglass for New York secretary of state the year before under the label New York Liberty Party. The Campaign: Neither Buchanan nor Fremont campaigned themselves. Republicans declared Buchanan dead of lockjaw. Fremont, however, had a splendid campaign substitute, his beautiful wife Jessie, prompting "Oh Jessie!" campaign buttons. The Democrats tried desperately to avoid the slavery issue altogether, opting instead to pursue the conservative effort to preserve the Union. The Republicans, on the other hand, actively attacked slavery. Their campaign slogan was "Free Soil, Free Men, Freedom, Fremont". [Shields-West, pgs 78 & 80] The self-serving efforts of Stephen Douglas did more to mold the campaign of 1856 than did any other single event. Although he did not intentionally destroy the North-South balance created by the Compromise of 1850, his focused quest for the White House caused him to make some foolish choices. Douglas coveted a rail head in Chicago for the new transcontinental railroad. This would make Chicago a major trade center for the country, not unlike New York City when the Erie Canal was completed. He knew increased economic power for his home state would translate as increased political power for him. The South, on the other hand, wanted the rail

CREDE Standards

CREDE Standards CREDE standards are the standards usually applied by teachers in order to make their pedagogy more effective. These standards are the rules that were established after a careful research of teaching practices and methods. The rules determined by the researchers are directed at the improvement of educative literature and techniques of teaching.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on CREDE Standards specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The standards are designed to help maintain the agreement between the literature and teaching materials and the cultural diversity in the classroom (The CREDE Five Standards for Effective Pedagogy n. d.). The need for standards appeared with the development of globalization in the world and with the occurrence of high level of cultural diversity in the schools of the United States of America. This diversity required the teachers to demonstrate individual approach in order to improve the productivit y and effectiveness of their teaching techniques. The researchers focused on the determination of clear norms that would work and bring positive outcome to any classroom and help any teacher. Another technique directed at helping a teacher and a class was created by Dr. Garcia. The strategies of Dr. Garcia are called â€Å"five R’s and one T†. These strategies recommend the teacher to be Respectful towards the students, another important aspect is the Responsiveness in the classroom, and the teacher must engage the students in conversations and maintain a dialogue between them. The students and the teacher are Responsible for their own active participation in the process of learning. Resourcefulness is the teacher’s capacity to stimulate the students’ desire to learn. Reasonable teacher will control the amount of work and the level of challenges they employ. Finally, the T is for theory. This means that the theory the lessons are based on must be correct and reliable (Redding 2010). When I teach I try to apply the five CREDE standards and follow Dr. Garcia’s strategies for better pedagogy. Evaluating my own teaching, I can say that I employ most of the standards and techniques. I try to make lessons collaborative, engage the students into dialogues and discussions that include the use of the thematic vocabulary, share own experiences related to the topic of the lesson, engage the students into group work. I also use tasks of various complexities to challenge the students, I provide my students with proper and clear feedback about their performance, I guide and direct the interaction between students, stimulate learning through the conversation.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, during the class that included reading about environmental protection, I encouraged my students to have dialogues with each other, talking about their own experiences with protection and pollution of the environment, and using the new vocabulary. I believe that during my work with the students in the classroom I effectively implement joint productive activity, by means of engaging in a conversation and stimulating a discussion with students in order to make them come to conclusions and be productive under my guidance. I also provide language development for the students, because the communication that is done in the class always includes specific vocabulary. I assist with written and oral tasks; I stimulate purposeful conversation, statements and questioning. I connect the student language with literacy, mixing the students’ familiar experiences and the topics of lessons together. Using new words in speech helps the students memorize them and develop own literacy. I also implement contextualization when I suggest the students making connections between the materials we study in class and their personal e xperiences. I challenge the students by offering them tasks of higher level of difficulty. I do this in order to increase my students’ thinking and study skills as well as interactions in the classroom (Reed Railback 2003). To my mind, the way of teaching could be more culturally responsive. I think I could bring more contextualization to the learning process of I engaged the family members of my students into the participation in classroom activities. This practice could add more contrast and provide more learning opportunities. Besides, it would increase the connections between the students’ life and the studies. Community based learning activities could bring the students’ life and the school closer. I also would be interested to try the practice of change of conversational styles, introduce my class to co-narration, call-and-response and choral practices. This strategy is also good for language development and forming of language objectives, which is a very important component of teaching ELLs (Wallace 2004). This specific adjustment would allow me develop the strategies formulated by Dr. Garcia such as respectfulness towards each other’s cultural backgrounds, better base for being responsive and communicate, creating more resources for learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on CREDE Standards specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the topics such as family, work or holidays could be easily modified in order to allow me to introduce the students’ families to the class, create communication with the use of thematic vocabularies, contextualize the topic and the lives of the students, create responsiveness and instructional conversation. The parents could also help m stimulate and challenge the students, organize group activities and stimulate the students create more resources for discussion, learn though dialogue and be respectful and appreciative of ea ch other’s and own backgrounds. Reference List Redding, A. (2010). Blogspot. Web. Reed, B., Railback, J. (2003). Strategies and Resources for Mainstream Teachers  of English Language Learners. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. The CREDE Five Standards for Effective Pedagogy. (n. d). CREDE. Web. Wallace, S. (2004). Effective Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners  in Mainstream Classrooms. Web.

7 Religious Christmas Quotes About Jesus

7 Religious Christmas Quotes About Jesus Christmas reminds us of  the trials and tribulations of Jesus Christ, and what better way to remember the reason for the season than religious quotes  that focus on the life of the savior.  The remarks that follow, both from the Bible and from prominent Christians,  serve as a reminder that good always triumphs over evil. D. James Kennedy, Christmas Stories for the Heart The star of Bethlehem was a star of hope that led the wise men to the fulfillment of their expectations, the success of their expedition. Nothing in this world is more fundamental for success in life than hope, and this star pointed to our only source for true hope: Jesus Christ. Samuel Johnson The Church does not superstitiously observe days, merely as days, but as memorials of important facts. Christmas might be kept as well upon one day of the year as another; but there should be a stated day for commemorating the birth of our Saviour, because there is danger that what may be done on any day, will be neglected. Luke 2:9-14 And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were so  afraid. And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God, and saying, Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. George W. Truett Christ was born in the first century, yet he belongs to all centuries. He was born a Jew, yet He belongs to all races. He was born in Bethlehem, yet He belongs to all countries. Matthew 2:1-2 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, where is he that is born King of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him. Larry Libby, Christmas Stories for the Heart Late on a sleepy, star-spangled night, those angels peeled back the sky just like you would tear open a sparkling Christmas present. Then, with light and joy pouring out of Heaven like water through a broken dam, they began to shout and sing the message that baby Jesus had been born. The world had a Savior! The angels called it Good News, and it was. Matthew 1:21 And she will bear a Son, and you shall call His name Jesus, for it is He who will save His people from their sins.

Modern Diplomatic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Diplomatic History - Essay Example In this paper, for the purposes of clarity, the researcher would define the first half of the nineteenth century from the years 1800 to 1850. In addition, the researcher would also try to look at the significant events in modern European history in these years, as well as the status of the major powers, in order to root out the causes of why no major war occurred in this period. One of the most important historical backgrounds of early nineteenth century Europe was the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars (McLynn 215). This war, which actually lasted from the years 1803-1815, actually proves to be the last major war between great European powers in the first half of the nineteenth century; in addition, this also set the tone for the establishment of the period of â€Å"Pax Britannica,† which would be a major reason why there would be no major war again in continental Europe until the second half of the nineteenth century, as the researcher would expound later in the paper (Fremon t-Barnes and Fisher 321). These wars were actually resulted by the creation of the French Empire by the French General Napoleon, which proved to be the last major challenge to the supremacy of the British Empire until the First World War. The final stages of the Napoleonic Wars (which covered the period of the early years of the nineteenth century) actually pitted the French Empire lead by Napoleon against various coalitions (from the Third to the Seventh Coalition) composed of the British Empire and its allies, most notably Russia, Prussia, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, and a number of German States (Fremont-Barnes and Fisher 259). At first, the French Empire (through the use of mass conscription and shrewd diplomacy) actually conquered most of continental Europe (except Great Britain), who at its peak created and/or controlled the client states of the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Low Countries, and the grand Duchy of Warsaw, among others (Fremont-Barnes and Fisher 15). However, constant warfare with the continental alliances, along with their failure to conquer the British Empire, actually brought about the downfall of the French Empire, resulting in Napoleon’s defeat at Russia and finally at Waterloo (Fremont-Barnes and Fisher 306). The Congress of Vienna, where the terms of the surrender of the French Empire, the reestablishment of the French Bourbon Monarchy, and the restructuring of Europe was discussed by the â€Å"Four Great Powers† (Prussia, United Kingdom, Austria and Russia), one of the greatest manifestation of diplomatic negotiation and compromise in Modern European History was witnessed (Chapman 1). Of course, these four great powers actually had their own territorial ambitions, as well as other objectives; however, the main objective among these powers was to resolve the issues caused by the French Empire, and by creating stability in Europe through the balance of powers (Chapman 16). There are many diplomatic provisions that were provided in the Congress of Vienna; however, this paper would focus on the most important provisions that would result to the relatively peaceful Europe for the next four decades (Chapman 55). As a result of the Congress of Vienna, Russia actually received the former French controlled Duchy of Warsaw,

The Business Stone Field's Limousine Company Essay

The Business Stone Field's Limousine Company - Essay Example Demographic analysis entails demographic data such as total population and its growth, change in employee demographics in the market etc. Operational analysis includes safeguarding continuity and company development in terms of company operations. Individual analysis focuses on looking at how well an individual doing his job and determining his capacity to do new and different tasks. It shows which employee needs training and how. Heathfield (n.d.) states a distinct method of conducting training needs assessment. Training methods can be of various kinds. For instance, reading assignments, simulations, on the job training, group discussions, lectures, demonstrations, audio visual presentations, brainstorming, oral presentations, problem solving workshops, case study, role playing, field trips and unstructured group interactions. The media included can be audio tapes, video tapes, computers, manuals, guides and the suchlike. There are certain principles that can help in employee training. For example, focusing on emotional maturity, integrity and compassion; the main of this is to develop a person on the whole, including skills and knowledge. Another principle can be to focus on learning, not training specifically. All of this would also contribute to training for learning skills or facts which would be of great benefit for the company. Written material such as case studies, manuals, guides etc with personal instruction or classroom lectures can be the basis for learning. Simply reading the texts would be really helpful in understanding them on your

Rare Aging Disease Essay Example for Free

Rare Aging Disease Essay A 12 year old girl named Ontlametse Phalatse lives in Hebron, a small town just north of Johannesburg, South Africa. When she gets home from school, she does homework, watches tv, does her daily chores, and sometimes helps her mother cook. Ontlametse has bright plans for the future, to become a psychologist. This seemingly ordinary child is also known as the only living black person with the disease known as Progeria. This rare disease is a genetic condition that’s speeds up the aging process. There were only two other black children that were diagnosed with the condition, but they died. Ontlametse and a white child are the only Africans diagnosed and they both live in South Africa. They may live there because South Africa has some of the best medical care on the continent. Most children with Progeria die between the ages of 8 and 21, usually suffering from heart failure, strokes, and high blood pressure. By the age of three months Ontlametse suffered constant rashes, and before she was one year old her hair was falling out. Ontlametse At the age of six she was enrolled in school, where teachers and classmates scorned her because they thought she had AIDS. Ontlametse was not diagnosed until she was 10, when a doctor friend hinted on the condition to her mother. Even though she has this condition Ontlametse is a bright and strong little girl. She says â€Å"I don’t care what people say about me† referring to the mean classmates, but she says that she has two friends in her class. At school Ontlametse is self conscious about her bald head and always wears a hat, that’s why one of the things on her wish list is a specially designed wig to wear when she’s not at home. Ontlametse calls herself the first lady because she is the only black child with this condition. Ontlametse says she wants to be a psychologist when she grows up so that she can help others accept themselves for the way that they are, just like she does. This dream of the future would require a miracle knowing that she may only have a couple more years to live. Every school holiday, Ontlametse flies to the Progeria Research Foundation at Children’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Here she participates in research were she has access to cutting edge drugs. I think that this article is really shocking, interesting and sad. This little girl is the only black person with Progeria on the whole planet. I have seen a show about this condition on tv, there was a three day convention that brought together all of the children with this condition. It was really shocking to see these young children looking like old people and having all of the health related issues that old people have, they are so small and fragile. Even though Ontlametse has all these problems she still attends school, does chores, has dreams, and is so strong, which is very inspiring. She does not let this condition bring her down, she knows that it’s a part of her and she wants to be a model for others to accept themselves as they are. This article is also saddens me because in reality this little girl, so full of life and personality, may only have a few more years left to live.

Judicial Precedent Essays -- Law Legal

This essay will examine the doctrine of Judicial precedent that helps form the English Legal System. It will illustrate various views that have been raised by Judges and relating cases to the use of ‘Stare decisis’ when creating precedents. In addition it will discuss how the developments in the powers of the courts now also allow them to depart from these precedents to an extent. The doctrine of Judicial precedent applies the principles of stare decisis which ‘lets the decision stand’. ‘Whenever a new problem arises in law the final decision forms a rule to be followed in all similar cases, making the law more predictable’ making it easier for people to live within the law. An original precedent is where a point of law is decided for the first time. This was illustrated in Donoghue v Stevenson where there was a decomposing snail in a bottle of ginger beer. The House of Lords set a precedent that manufacturers owe a duty of care to customers in the law of negligence. A key factor of judicial precedents usually refers to decisions of a higher court being binding upon a lower court in the hierarchical structure of the courts. This is best illustrated in Donoghue v Stevenson . However, if the previous decision was made by a court of equal or higher status to the court deciding the new case, then the Judge should follow the rule of law set in the earlier case. These are known as Binding precedents. The courts access these previous judgements through the system of Law reporting. The system of precedents could not work without a precise and comprehensive compilation of the key decisions of superior courts readily available to all who need them. Authoritative reports compiled by legally qualified law reporters are formed prima... ... law to be developed without need for lengthy litigation. Nonetheless, a change in law needs to be brought before the relevant court. This usually means litigants for the Court of Appeal or the House of Lords do not necessarily have the means to take their cases that far. In conclusion, the doctrine of judicial precedent has been accepted to form our legal system, through the use of binding precedents. It has helped the law maintain certainty yet through flexibility of the courts and exceptions to depart from precedents the law has continued to develop in a just manner. Works Cited Penny Darbyshire, Darvyshire on the English Legal System, Ninth edition. Terence Ingman, The English Legal Process, Eleventh edition. Catherine Elliott Frances Quinn, English Legal System, Seventh edition. Gary Slapper and Davis Kelly, The English Legal System, Tenth edition.

The Curriculum-What Is To Be Taught?

In making instructional decisions the instructors must consider the following factors which include what is to be taught, how it should be taught and the student’s needs. John Dewey was very instrumental in bringing the concept of decision making theory into the educational field. He further presented it in a process that was known as the reflective thinking which involved four phases which are; the problem phase, the criteria phase, the solution phase, and finally the implementation phase. (Auerbach, 2003)The Curriculum-What Is To Be Taught? Is the curriculum guaranteed such that is it taught in a way that it was intended? Is the curriculum viable such that it can be adequately addressed in the time available? Is the curriculum rigorous such that it ensures that all the students’ areas have been adequately challenged? Is the curriculum relevant such that it fosters smooth transitions between the elementary schools, the middle schools, the high schools, the post seconda ry schools and later to the world of work?Are the decisions about the curriculum uniformly applied to all the students?   Is there a lot of emphasis on mastering predetermined and common curricular objectives? Is the curriculum used standard for all the students?   Is the curriculum relevant to the students?   Does the curriculum have an outline that allows for the differences in the students backgrounds, abilities interests and prior knowledge and for the differences in the expectations from the community?

Holly Fashion

cASE 6 HOLLY FASHIONS RAT I O A N A LYSI S Billion-dollal a pparel c ompanies s uch a s C alvin K lein a nd L iz C laiborne a re unusual i n t he g arment i ndustry, w hich c onsists p rimarily o f m uch s malier apparel m akers. O ne s uch f irm i s H olly F ashions ( HF), l ocated i n C herry F lill, New J eriey. H F w as s tarted 1 4 y ears a go b y W illiam H amilton a nd J ohn W hite, who b etween t hem h ad o ver 2 5:yearso f e xperiencew ith a m ajor g arment m anufacturer.A nd t he p artnership i nitially b lended v ery w ell. H amilton, r eserved and i ntrospective, i s e xtremely c reative w ith a r eal f lair f or m erchandising a nd trend s potting. M ainly a s a r esult o f h is g enius, t he H F l abel i s s ynonymous with q uality a nd † tn† f ashions. ‘ h ite, o Utgoing a nd f orceful, h as c ontributed important m erchandising a nd m arketing i deas, b ut h as m ainly a ssumed t he duties o f t he f irm's c hief o perating o fficer.Hamilton h as h a d l ittle i nterest i n t he f inancial a spectso f t he c ompany, m uch preferring t o w ork o n d esigning n ew f ashions a nd t he d evelopment o f m arketing s trategies. A f ew m onths a go, h owever', h e d ecided t hat h e h ad b etter' become m ore i nvolved w ith t hd c ompany's f inancials. His m otivation i s t wofold. F irst, h e i s c onsidering t he s ale o f h is 5 0 p ercent interest i n H F. T hough h e m joys t he c reative s ide o f t he b usiness,h e i s t ired o f the c ash c runches t hat t he f irm h as e xperiencedi n r ecent y ears.P eriodically, t he retailers H F d eals w ith h ave e ncountered f inancial p loblems a nd h ave s tlung out t heir p ayments, w hich o ften c aused a m ad s cramble f or c ash a t H F A nd i f Hamilton d ecides t o s ell, h e k nows t hat h e i s l ikely t o b e i nvolved i n s ome stressful n egotiations s urrounding t he c ompany's v a1ue. T hough h e w ould h ire a c onsultant t o a id h im i n a ny,negotiations,h e d ecides i t i s a g ood i dea t o e ducate h imself a bout H F's f inancials.Another r eason t hat H amilton i s i nterested i n t he f irm's f inancials i s s o h e can b etter j udge t he m anagerial c ompetence o f l Alhite. Ahen I IF w as s mall Hamilton t hought W hite d id a f ine j ob, b ut n ow h e w onders w hether / hite i s capable o f r unning a f irm a s l arge a s H F. A ctually, i f H amilton w ere c onvinced that W hite i s a c ompetent m anager, h e w ould n ot c onsider s elling o ut s ince h e 36 PARTI I F INANCIALA NALYSIS genuinely e ntoys b eing a n o wner o f a n a pparel f irm.B ut h e t hinks t he a pparel industry w ill f ace e ven t ougher t imes i n t he n ext f ew y ears, a nd w onders i f ltrhite i s t alented e nough t o s uccessfullym eet t hese c hallenges. BORROWING CONCEB. NS A4rite's p ersonality i s s uch t hat h e m akes v irtually a ll m ajor o perating a nd financial d ecisions. A n i mportant e xample o f t his w as h is d ecision t hree y ears ago t o r etire a ll l ong-term d ebt/ a m ove t riggered b y W hite's f ear t hat H F's b usiness r isk w as i ncreasing.H e c ited t he d ifficulties o f s eemingly r ock-solid r etailers l ike B loomingdale's a nd C ampeau t o s upport h is c laim. I M-Lite i s a lso concerned t hat f irms t he s ize o f H F h ave h ad d ifficulty m aintaining s table b ank relationships. D ue t o i ncreasingly s trict f ederal r egulations, s ome b anks h ave called i n l oans a t t he s lightest t echnicality, a nd m ost a re s crutinizing n ew b usiness l oans v ery c arefully. C onsequently W hite v iews b ank d ebt f inancing a s â€Å"unreliable† a nd t hinks t hat l oan o fficers a re c apable o f † chewing u p m y t ime. Harnilton isn't sure what to make of these arguments, but he is concerned that this debt avoidance has significantly reduced FIF's financial flexibility because it means that all protects will have to be equity financed. In fact, over the past five years t here h ave b een n o d ividends b ecausea ll e arnings h ave b een r einvested. And two years ago each of the partners had to contribute $15,000of capital in order to m eet t he c ompany's c ashn eeds. A nother i nfusion o f c apital m ay b e n ecessary sincet he f irm's p resentc ashp osition i s l ow b y h istorical s tandards. ( See xhibit 2 . E More j mportantly, h owever, H amilton f eels t hat t he c ompany i s n ot b enefiting f rom t he l everage e ffect o f d ebt f inancing, a nd t hat t his h urts t he p rofitabiiity o f t he f lrm t o t he t wo o whers. WORKING CAPITAL CONCERNS Hamilton s uspectst hat F {F'si nventory i s † excessive† a nd t hat † capital i s u nnecessarily t ied u p i n i nventory. † n/hite's p osition i s t hat a l arge i nventory i s n ecessary t o p rovide s peedy d elivery t o c ustomers. H e a rgues t hat † our c ustomers expect q uick s ervice a nd a l arge i nventory h elps u s t o p rovide i t. Hamilton is skeptical of t his argument and wonders if there isn't a mole efficient w ay o f p roviding q uicker s ewice. H e k nows t hat a c onsultant r ecommended t hat H I † very s eriously† c onsiderb uilding a s tate-of-the-artd istribution center. T he p roposed f acility w ould a liow F {F t o r educe i nventory a ld a lso handle big orders from retailers such as Kmart and Wal-Mart. VVhite rejected the suggestion a rguing t hat t he e sttnated $ S-million t o $ 8-mi11ion ost i s e xcessive. c Hamiiton a lso q uestions / hite's c redit s tandards a nd c ollection p rocedures.Hamilton t hinks t hat / hite h as b een q uite g enerous i n g ranting p ayment extensions t o c ustomers, a nd a t o ne p oint n early 4 0 p ercent o f t he c ompany's receivablesw ere m ore t han 9 0'davs o verdue. F urther. / hite w ould c ontinue t o . C ASE6 H OLLYF ASHIONS 37 accept and ship orders to these qetailers eyen when it was clear that their ability t o p ay w as m arginal. l hite's p osition i s t h at. he d oesn't w ant t o l ose s ales and that the rough times these retailers face are only temporary. Hamilton also wonders about the wisdom of passing up trade discounts. HF is frequently offered terms ol 1. 1. 0, net 30. That is, the company receives a l-percent discount if a bill is paid in ten days and in any event full payment is expected within 30 days. ffiite rarely takes these discounts because he â€Å"wants t o h old o nto o ur c ash a s l ong a s p ossible. † H e a lso n otes t hat † the d iscount isn't especially generous emd 99 percent of the bill must still be paid. † FINAL THOUGHTS Despite ill of Hamilton's concems, however, the retationship between the two partners has been relatively smooth over the years. And Hamilton admits that he may be unduly critical of y'hite's management decisions. After al1,†he concedes, † the m an s eems t o h ave r easonsf or w hat h e d oes, a rd w e h ave b een i n the black every year since we started , which is an impressive record, really, for a f um i n o ur b usiness. † Further, Hamilton has discussed with two condultants the possibility of selling his half of the firm. Since FIF is not publicly traded, the market value of the company's s tock m ust b e e stimated. T hesec onsultants b elieve t hat H F i s w orth between $55 and $55 per share, figures that â€Å"seem quite good† to Hamilton. QUESTIONS 1 Calculate the firm's 1995ratios listed in Exhibit 3. . P art o f H amilton's e valuationw ill c onsisto f c omparingt he f irm's r atios t o . the industry numbers shown in Exhibit 3. (a) Discuss the limitations of such a comparative financial analysis. (b) In view of these limitations, why are such industry comparisons so frequentlym ade? 3, Hamilton thinks thai the profitability of the firm to the owners hasbeenhurt by White's reluctanceto use ftuch inteiest-bearing debt. Is this a reasonable position? E xplain. 4. The case mentions that {hite rarely takes trade discounts, which are typically 1 /10, n et 3 0.D oest his s eeml ike a w ise f inancialm ove? E xplain. 5. C alculatet he c ompany'sm arket-to-book dV/BV) r atio. ( Therea re 5 ,000 O shares f c ommons tock. ) o 6. Hamilton's position is that White has not competently managed the firm. Defend this position using your previous an. swers nd other information in a the c ase. 38 PARTII FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 7. Vy'hite's position is that he has effectively managed the firm. Defend this position using your previous answers and other information in the case. 8. Play the role of an arbitratoi.Is it possible based on an examination of the firm's r atios a nd o ther i nformation i n t he c aset o a ssessW hite's m anagerial competmce? Defend your position. 9. ( a) A re t he r atios y ou c alcul:ited b ased o n m arket o r b ook v alues? E xplain. (b) W ould y ou p refer r atios b ased o n m arket c ir b ook v alues? E xplain. EXHIBIT 1 Holly F ashions'I ncome S tatements:1 993-1996 ( 000s) 1993 Sales Costo f g oods Grossmargin Adrrinistrative Dq)reciation EBIT lnterest EBT Taxes Net income 1994 1995 1996 $985. 0 748. 6 236. 4 169. 4 10. 8 56. 1 7. O 49. 1 19. 7 $1,040. 0 n4. $1,236. 0 $1,305. 0 978. 8 202. 8 1 14 51. 0 4t. 0 18. 0 $27. 0 a7a', 307. 8 236,I 13. 6 58. 1 53. 1 21. 7 _-$3L9 249. 3 '14 4 62. 6 58. 5 23. 5 ___$99! EXHIBIT 2 BalanceS heetso { t he H olly F ashionsC ompany: f 993-1996 ( 000s) 1993 ASSETS Cash $40. 4 Receivables r53. 2 Inventory 117. 0 5. 9 Other cwrent Current assets ‘u. 8 Grossf ixed Accumulaied depreciation (12. 0) 32. 8 Net fixed Totala ssets $349. 3 1994 1995 1996 $s1. 9 158. 9 121. 1 6. 2 338. 0 58. 9 (23. 4) __35t $38. 6 ‘t75. 1 $10. 6 224. 8 19L. 9 7. 8 435. 1 96. 4' (s1. 4) 45. 0 $480. 1 193. 4 7. 4 414. 5 78. 1. _a;l continued) C ASE6 H OLLYF ASHIONS 39 EXHIBIT 2 (Contirwed) t993 LIAB]LITIES & NET WORTH Accounts payable Debt due Accruals Current liabilities Long-term debt Common s tock Retained e arnings Total L &NW $53. 8 10 . 0 | 1 9. 7 , 8 3. 5 60. 0 150_0 1994 1995 r996 $v. f $85. 2 10. 0 24. 7 120. 9 40. 0 180. 0 114. 6 $u. 2 10. 0 26. L 120. 3 30. 0 180. 0 149. 8 $48q. 1 10. 0 26. 0 90. 7 50. 0 150. 0 82. 8 $349. 3 $455t EXHIBIT 3 Financial R atios { ot t hb H olly F ashionsC ompany: 1 993-1996 Ind*r11 (Presen] r993 r994 1995. 3. 7 3. 4 2. 6 ‘L7 1. 8 1. 3 1. 6 .8 r996 1993-19961. Liquidity RatiosCurlent Quick Leverage atios R Deb(%) 41.. 1 37. 7 35. 3 8. 0 8. 5 11. 6 6. 4 6. 4 4. 8 FixedA sset Turnover 30. 0 29. 3 30. 1 TotalA sset Turnovet 2. 8 2. 8 2. 7 Timesinterest eamed Activity Ratios lnventory Tulnover (CGS) 47 57 71 3. 9 1. 3 8. 1 6. 0 40 25 72 3. 5 2. 8 2. 0 (continued) P ARTI I F INANCIALA NALYSIS DGIIBIT 3 (Conrinued) Ifld – r) 1993 1994 1995 AverageCollection Period Days Pulchases Outstanding** (Present) 1996 1993-1996+ 50 68 18 31 25 32 ProfitabilityR atios M Gross argin ( %) 24. 0 25. 5 24. 9 Net Profit Margin (%) 3. 0 2. 6 2. 6 Return on Equity (%) 14. 3 11. 6 0. 8 8. 4 7. 2 7. 0 5. 8 6. 0 6. L Retum on Total ( Assets %) Operating Margin*** (%) 26 3. 1 ‘1. 2 27. 3 19. 5 7. 8 11. 8 8. 7 9. 9 7. 2 3. 1 iThe thrâ‚ ¬e numbers for each ratio arc comPuted in the following wsy. Ratios for all firms in dre indushy are arranged in what is considerâ‚ ¬d a strontest-to-weakest order' The middle number rePlâ‚ ¬senis the median ratioj that is, half the firms in the industry had mtios better than the median ratio and half had ratios that werâ‚ ¬ worse The top nunlber represents the uPPer qua4ile figure; meaning 25 Pelcent of the firms had ratios befter tlran this.The lower number represents the lowest quaftile, that is, 25 Percent of the firms had ratios worse than this. *†This shows the average lentth of time that trade debt is ouhtandint. AIso caled the averate Paymeni Period. Calculated ; is A /P – ( CGS/360). 1**Calculateda s ( EBIT + D ep)/Sales.

Compressed Natural Gas Conversion Companies

Compressed Natural Gas Conversion Companies Continued high gas prices have increased interest in compressed natural gas conversion kits and installation. There are a number of considerations before making the decision to convert your vehicle. However, if you plan to make the switch, the following is a list of companies providing kits and/or installation for CNG conversion. The following information (presented alphabetically) is an update to an earlier version of this list. These are the companies weve found that currently sell and/or install CNG conversion kits. CNG Conversion Companies A-1 Alternative Fuel Systems claims to have all thats necessary to convert your vehicle to CNG. They are based in Fresno, Calif. For more information, visit A-1 Alternative Fuel Systems. Agility Fuel Systems provides engines and conversion kits that are both EPA- and CARB-certified. They have products available for most GM and Ford vehicles. Visit Agility Fuel Systems to learn more. Alternative Fuel Systems of St. Louis specializes in CNG and LP vehicle conversions and compression systems. Learn more at Alternative Fuel Systems of St. Louis. BAF Technologies Inc. is a subsidiary of Clean Energy Company. Its alternative fuel vehicle upfitting capabilities include aftermarket CNG conversions of Ford-manufactured vans, cutaway shuttles, taxis, pick-ups, and light-duty trucks. Learn more at BAF Technologies. Baker Equipment is based in Richmond, Va., and converts OEM gasoline engines to run on CNG, offering sales, installation, and services throughout the eastern US. Learn more at Baker Equipment. Clean Fuel converts fleet and personal vehicles to run on CNG, specializing in EPA-certified conversions for sedans and light-duty pick-up trucks and vans. It operates conversion facilities in Texas and Oklahoma. Learn more at Clean Fuel. CNG Interstate notes that its compressed natural gas systems are aftermarket performance parts and do not change your vehicle’s current fuel injection system nor do they tamper with the Federal Emission Standards. CNG Interstate must equip your vehicle with your new kit. For more information, visit them at CNG Interstate. Energy and Water Solutions offers two types of conversion kits for gasoline engines and a low-cost kit for diesel engines. Find out more at Energy and Water Solutions. Environmental Vehicle Outfitters designs and installs alternative fuel systems for fleet and consumer cars, SUVs and trucks. Based in Marina del Rey, Calif., you can find more information at Environmental Vehicle Outfitters. FuelTek Conversion Corporations core business is the conversion of on- and off-road vehicles to CNG or LPG vehicles. Although located in the Denver metro area, they work with a network of providers in a number of states. Learn more at FuelTek Conversion Corp. Hendrix Industrial Gastrux provides EPA-certified conversion kits for a number of vehicles. They do not offer do-it-yourself kits; conversions must be done at their facility. Learn more at Hendrix. IMPCO Technologies is a business unit of Fuel System Solutions, Inc. and designs, manufactures, and supplies alternative fuel components and systems. For a full line of products and services available, visit IMPCO Automotive. Landi Renzo USA has acquired Baytech Corporation and now offers a dedicated CNG kit for GM 6.0L and 8.1L engines, as well as the Ford 5.4L engine. The company installs, calibrates, and provides extended service for its EPA and CARB certified systems. Learn more at Landi Renzo. NatGasCar Company has introduced a Dodge Ram 4.7L Conversion System, beginning with the 2010 model. To learn more, visit NatGasCar Company. NaturalDrive operates in Arizona and offers OEM-style retrofits with no underhood wiring modifications. They partner with a number of automotive facilities to offer CNG retrofits and warranty service in several states. Learn more at NaturalDrive. Omnitek Advanced Technologies offers proprietary technology for converting diesel engines to natural gas. The company says it has 5,000 systems installed worldwide. Visit Omnitek Engineering, Corp. for more information. Productive Concepts International is based in Union City, Ind., and claims to be the only high-volume production line in the US capable of almost any alternative fuels conversion, including CNG. For more information, go to PCIs website. Phoenix Energy Corporation offers CNG conversion, installation, and refueling equipment in Alabama and surrounding states. They are a registered contractor for the federal government. For more information, visit Phoenix Energy Corp. RGR Alternative Fuels is a Nevada-based certified dealer and installer of EPA-certified bi-fuel CNG conversion systems. For more, visit RGR Alternative Fuels. Thigpen Energy Services, LLC provides CNG conversion services. Learn more about this Texas-based company at Thigpen Energy Services.

Speech Topics to Meet Oral Communication Standards

Speech Topics to Meet Oral Communication Standards Speech topics are a key element for impromptu oral presentation activities. Coming up with them can be a challenge for the teacher. You can use this collection of speech topics for oral presentations or use them to inspire your own variations. Impromptu Oral Presentation Activity Put all of the topics on slips of paper and have your students pick out of a hat. You can either have the student begin the presentation immediately or give a few minutes to prepare. You may have a student pick the topic just before the student before them presents so they have that time to think. In this case, give the very first student a few minutes to prepare. Impromptu Oral Communication Speech Topics You are an ant. Convince an anteater to not eat you.Explain three different ways to eat an Oreo cookie.Tell us about a nickname you have and how you got it.Convince us to vote for you as president of the USA.Explain three uses for a pencil other than for writing.Read us a letter you might write home when you are staying at a circus training summer camp.Tell us about your summer plans.Convince us that homework is harmful to your health.Tell us about your favorite pet and why it should win the Greatest Pet Ever award.If you were an animal, what would you be?You are a salesperson trying to sell us the shirt you have on.Explain how a smart person might not be wise.If you were the teacher, how would our class be different?Tell us about the hardest thing you have ever done.You are a mad scientist. Tell us about your latest invention.You are a famous sports player. Describe your best moment of a game.You are a famous rock star. Explain what the lyrics of your latest hit song mean.Tell us ab out the best job. Explain the benefits of drinking milk.Tell us how to become a millionaire.You are 30 years old. Tell us how you became a millionaire by age 18.Tell us about the best dream youve ever had.Create a myth that explains why pelicans have large beaks.Tell us how to make a new friend.Tell us about the most fun recess activity.Tell us about your favorite holiday.Tell us how to make your favorite meal.Explain which came first: the chicken or the egg.Explain the rules to your favorite game.If everything in the world had to change to the same color, what color would you choose and why?Explain how you would use a hat to catch butterflies. Be sure to identify the type of hat that is required.You are a piece of paper. Describe how we should use you before you get recycled.Explain how to make a pizza.Explain four uses for a drinking glass other than for holding a liquid.Convince our principal to give students their birthdays off of school.Describe how you would modify a snail so it can go faster.Ex plain the best way to teach an old dog a new trick. Describe the life cycle of a frog or butterfly.Explain what you would do if you were a monkey suddenly set free from a zoo.Describe one school rule you would change and why.

Compare and contrast Herbert Hoover's economic policies with those of Essay

Compare and contrast Herbert Hoover's economic policies with those of Franklin Roosevelt - Essay Example aissez-faire attitude was due to beliefs that: the government should not be entirely responsible to the well-being of the people; and the government is incapable of regulating and controlling businesses.3 Hoover’s beliefs were partly due to the belief that the economy would be able to bounce back after several setbacks just like before, but these were unable to explain why decreases in costs of production did not allow the fall of prices and subsequent economic growth, and Hoovers’ policies on letting the market forces, private sector as well as the Federal Reserve to drive the economy was unable to stimulate employment.4 The downward economic spiral was aggravated further by the declining federal revenues, relying on the gold standard when it was already abandoned by other countries, and declining to spend and providing federal relief to people and wholly relying on local government and charity. Franklin Roosevelt also had to deal with some similar setbacks such as dealing with deflation, preventing wages and prices from falling further to maintain the incomes of workers and employers as well as restoring the reliability of the banking system.5 Some of the New Deal programs were effective in stimulating spending and eventually raising the levels of commerce among the people. Roosevelt’s experimentalist views were able to push through some policies that Hoover might have not even thought of, such as expanding the role of the government in the business and economic sectors, departure from the gold standard, aiming to increase industrial and farm price levels, and the provision for income redistribution, which became the Social Security legislation.6However, while being effective in reviving the economy, some of the programs in the New Deal policy were counterproductive in some strategies. The employment of people by the government kept them earning, and the increase in wages may have increased the spending of the workforce, but the tax increase compelled some

Stem Cell Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stem Cell - Term Paper Example As the basic unit of life, the cell became the determinant for the cause of several serious medical conditions, such as heart failures, birth defects and all types of cancer. An understanding of the process of cell development allowed medical scientists to assess a particular health condition and to boost the recovery of the person who has it. For the purposes of research and treatment, stem cell donation and banking emerged to become the hottest trend in the medical world, though a number of objections were raised especially by those from the church and other moralists. Stem Cell 101 As opposed to the other human and animal types of cell, stem cells are those that â€Å"carry the potential to develop into some or many different cell types in the body† (National Institutes of Health, 2010). A simpler and more direct approach is to state that stem cells are cells that renew on its own. They self-generate. As the human body’s repair and rejuvenating mechanism, stem cells have the ability to â€Å"divide endlessly and replenish other cells of the living person, and their product could either maintain a form of a stem cell or become another functional cell in the form of a muscle, brain or red blood cell† (National Institutes of Health, 2010). ... , there are other scientific inquiries conducted by the field experts to determine which other parts of the human body could be possible sources of such a ‘natural treasure.’ The positive outcome of these explorations shall be one of the most-awaited advancements in modern science and will be considered another quantum leap for humanity. Donation and Transplant It is with this potency and promise of the stem cell that health experts dedicated much of their time researching about this subject. Already, there have been a number of medical investigations that confirmed the multi-faceted functions of the stem cell and that indicated the need for a wider exploration on the matter, including its transplantation. Due to the fact that donated tissues and organs used to replace those that are infected or damaged are easily exhausted, an increased demand for stem cell donation was observed. Medical practitioners, consequently, encourage people to donate a part of themselves in the form of the stem cell to help those who badly need treatment for diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer, spinal cord injury, burns, arthritis and cardiac malfunction, among others. To respond to the need, nevertheless, some hospitals and clinical specialists would immediately offer mothers who have just given birth if they are amenable to donate the placentas and umbilical cords of the newborn. However, the decision remains in the mother and a written consent should be executed first. In addition, private businesses emanated to cater to the desire of families who want to preserve the umbilical cord of their newborn for any future use through sophisticated storage facilities. This goes with a substantial payment, though, required from the customers. But for healthcare institutions that

A typed report concerning Herman Melville's overall style, typical Essay

A typed report concerning Herman Melville's overall style, typical subjects, influences, etc incorporating specific references to works - Essay Example Melville shows his criticism of the rich Dives who prospers at the expense of orphans at the end of Chapter Two. Melville’s narrator, Ishmael says; ‘Now, that Lazarus should lie stranded there on the curbstone before the door of Dives, this is more wonderful than that an iceberg should be moored to one of the Moluccas. Yet Dives himself, he too lives like a Czar in an ice palace made of frozen sighs, and being a president of a temperance society, he only drinks the tepid tears of orphans.’ Melville incorporated stage directions in his character’s monologues. These helpful directions are in brackets. For example, Ishmael narrates this in Chapter Two; ‘Euroclydon! says old Dives, in his red silken wrapper- (he had a redder one afterwards) pooh, pooh!’ The narrator has long soliloquies in order to explain to the reader what is happening. Melville’s Bartleby the Scrivener is his famous short story because it deals with Existentialist and Absurdist elements. The character Bartleby works for his lawyer boss. Initially he is hardworking but he changes when he stops working but stays around the office doing nothing. The lawyer tries to help him but Bartleby refuses to cooperate when he answers all requests with; ‘I prefer not to.’ Eventually, Bartleby is imprisoned for being a nuisance to society and he slowly starves himself to death because he prefers not to eat. Bartleby demonstrates his Existentialist unique position as a responsible individual who makes his own choices. Melville incorporates his philosophies of anti-rationalism and anti-empiricism into Bartleby. Melville wanted this work to have absurdist ideas so he made Bartleby behave in absurd ways. Melville’s poem, John Marr And Other Sailors, speaks to the reader in a direct manner which is typical of Melville’s style of narration that he used in his novel and short story. His philosophies of anti-rationalism

Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan

Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan explains that Pakistan is getting into a steady wave of debt burden. It is the International Monetary Funds in general and United States, Great Britain, Japan etc in particular which Pakistan uses as a main source of taking Debt. IMF alone has given more than 11 Billion US Dollars to Pakistan as debt. The researcher has narrowed down the wide topic into two main variables. First one being the Debt burden and other one explained as Economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Products growth. The researcher argues that there are many reasons that make a country rely on foreign aid and debts. First reason is more of a political reason and the terms and conditions attached to the foreign aid, which in general are beneficial for the country taking it in a shorter term perspective. The other main reason is associated with the composition and the break up of external aid to loans in hard form. With the passage of time, there is a shi ft from providing grants to any Underdeveloped or friendly country to aid, which is further associated with interest payments and principal payback. The world today is facing a paradigm shift in terms of equipping someone with capital, from friendliness to enmity in the form of heavy interest re-payments. It was also concluded that there are many sides of the external debt and the way it interacts to solves the basic economic problems of a country. External aid brings positive as well as negative results in the long term aspects. Foreign aid no matter brings a positive up thrust in the Gross Domestic Product of a country in short term, as it boosts up agriculture, Informational Technology, Education, Health services etc. But in many cases the long run results are much difficult to handle. The major draw back seen of heavy external debt is the Balance of Payment Deficits. This deficit in Balance of Payments is covered by the allocated funds of the Social Sector development. The rese archer also explains about the policy matters which are the most important part in handling the external debt and its servicing. Proper and effective policies are to be made in order to retire the aid taken for better implementation of the policies, which in return will ensure the effectiveness of aid taken by the country and all the problems linked to mis utilization and mis management of the resources taken from external resources. Amakom Uzochukwu S. in his Research paper Nigeria Public Debt and Economic Growth: An Empirical Assessment of Effects on Poverty argues that there should be external debt to be raised by Under developed countries like Nigeria in Africa but there should be a limit attached to every country which should define to what extent the debt is to be raised. This limit is definitely be calculated and research watching all the financial indicators of past and futuristic look on the same indicators should also be given some weight. He also suggest that if proper weight is not given to the financial indicators of the country, it will in the end cause supplementary in-debtness of the International Monetary Funds and other sources of debt to be taken. He explains that the Public debt of Nigeria is slightly more than 75% of the total Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria. This is a very big number in absolute terms and according to the International Monetary Funds and The World Bank, Nigerian Effective debt to export ratio is also more than 200 percent with a total debt accounted for approximately 28.5 Billion US Dollars by 2002. This figure is not alone as it is also associated with the debt retirement of 3.3 Billion US Dollars in 2002 and 5.3 Billion US Dollars in 2003. The situations in Nigerian on financial aspects are much worse. There is immense poverty in the country where Gross Domestic Product growth rate is stagnant over the years, where the intake of debts from IMF and other domestic source has been shooting up randomly. Income per Capita is far-off from the total figures of debt that has been taken by the country. The researcher in his research paper has applied the crash of public debt and growth on poverty using the per capita income approach where he majorly focused on public debt the country is raising and the way it is creating more problems or solutions for alleviating poverty from the country. The end results of the research also showed the impact of loans taken from internal as well as International Monetary Funds on the economic and poverty structure of Nigeria. It was concluded that poverty in Nigeria is growth and debt elastic, as there is enormous poverty spread through out the country and the total accounted figure for debt is around 28 Billion US Dollars. There were multiple factors which were accounted fro in the case of Nigeria including population, domestic and external debt figures, employment rate, school enrolment rates, Balance of Account and terms of trade which are directly linked with the Economic growth of the country. James Njeru in his Research, The impact of foreign aid on public expenditure explains that for many of the Sub Sharan countries, taking economic aid from International Monetary Funds and The World Bank constitutes as an important participation for the sake of running economical as well as political structures of the country. In most of the African countries like Kenya, almost all the financial indicators are not in a good health. They all share relatively same narrow tax base, low on export side and large deficits in Balance of Payment Accounts. Saving of the people is also negligible since poverty head count is much on a higher side. The paper majorly focus on the response of the Kenyas Government in terms of its expenditure when experiencing massive aid cut from IMF and internal malfunctioning of public debts. The research showed that the spending outline of the government gets changed when this is an inflow of economic aid from International Monetary funds of debt is raised from internal resources. On the other hands, it was really difficult for Kenya in short term to deal with the effects of the aid freeze which were much influential in ordinary days supporting fiscal structure of the country. Fiscal measures were not capable sufficient to offset the change and started facing a downfall in no time. It was also concluded that the rise seen in the Kenyan domestic debt was always attributed to the persistent fiscal gap present in the country which caused suspension of the load payment by International Monetary Funds in 1991. This caused real problem for Kenyas economy as to overcome the fiscal deficit, the recipient country in result of getting suspended by loans has to look for many other new options, like raising the normal and corporate tax rate, increase domestic borrowing from the central bank as well as other commercial banks, having a massive cut in development and social development expenditure and printing more money which causes inflation and employ ment in the country. The mentioned problems were a major threat to the Kenyas economy, which it had face in terms of the crowding out effect in investment and added to the domestic debt. The situation got further difficult when Kenyan economy faced major expenditure cuts in governments cutting in social development sector and unemployment after having sky high inflation. Over reliance on external debt, particularly from International Monetary Funds made financial matter more critical for Kenyas economy and the effects of 90s is still faced by it. Michael Atingi-Ego in his report Budget Support, aid dependency and Dutch Disease argues that Ugandas economy is another difficult economy which has been facing sever challenges and threats in successfully running and implementing financial system of the country. It was due to the mere support of many countries on bi lateral and multi lateral country which supported Ugandas economy from crashing many times in history. Presence of International Monetary Funds in Ugandas economny is another problem since the country is not capable of abiding by the rules and regulations put by International Monetary Funds on it. It was until Financial year 1999, Support inflows to Uganda were comparatively small than the newer ones, constituting 200 Million US Dollar on annual basis. It was the help of numerous donors which in terms of grants or debt gave cushion to Ugandas economy many times and helped to decrease its fiscal and monetary deficits. Uganda is another African country where unemployment , low tax base, inflation, less saving by the public and high balance of payment accounts are seen over the time with no proper source of revenue excluding contacting International Monetary Funds for raising external assistance. For the sake of supporting budget deficits till FY 1996, loans from other countries in Uganda does the major source constitute 56%. Grants taken by donor countries also constituted to 73% moderately support the uptrend of Ugandas external debt and financial sustainability of the country. Ugandas government has also put ceiling on taking aid which can be taken in the form of loans and grants. In adding up to the upper limit and the suggested ceiling, it is always to evaluate that both domestic revenues and grants are insufficient to finance the national budget that government has skinny and less loans that are highly concessional. As a multi lateral donor, World Bank has also taking part in Ugandas fiscal deficit financing giving 225 Million US Dollars by 20 01, International Monetary Funds being 53 Million US Dollars. The research shows that Uganda is heavily laid on the mercy of budget support which is on an average more than 50 percent of its total expenditure. These measures have created inflationary and unemployment in the country which the country is trying to control on, but the over all situation is so much aid dependent, exchange rate and interest rates are out of the reach of Government to control them and bring positive financial changes in the country. Bazoumana Ouattara in his Research paper Foreign Aid, Public Savings Displacement, and Aid Dependency in Cote dIvoire explains that the economic effectiveness in any developing country is an important issue which is dependent upon the policies which are formulated in terms of raising aid from any of the external sources present in the world in the time of financial deficit. Right now, the donor countries and agencies are also inclined to issue loans to such countries which have effective and efficient economical structure, which has the muscle to return back the loan well in time with healthy interest payments. Governments workings and efforts in increasing the tax base and consuming on a lower side explains the good financial environment in any country. Public savings are another factor which has not been addressed directly which is another important concern when looking on the over all financial deficits and issuing external debt. In countries having huge public saving gaps, it i s much important to look as on the issues such are over dependency on external aid from International Monetary Funds and The World Bank, which are the most important factors if the relationship is to be gauged between taking aid and the economic growth of the country. If the public saving gap is reduced, the dependence for external debt even on the internal sources of debt will be minimum in order to finance the fiscal deficits in ant country. This brings macro economic stability and a self sustainable growth with long term dependence on external sources of Financing as International Monetary Funds. In the case of CÃ ´te dIvoire during the period of 1975 to 1999, it was observed that the wide gap of domestic saving caused another wide gap in monetary gaps in the country which are to be addressed immediately by contacting International Monetary Funds and other sources of International and Domestic sources of funding the gap. It was also concluded that aid dependence of CÃ ´te dIvo ire increased with an increase in Financial Program aids into the financial system, where as Technical Assistance grants and Food Aid Programs helped to reduce the aid dependence. Nevertheless, CÃ ´te dIvoire faced massive challenges and is still facing many financial threats which it has to face in terms of heavy interest payments as well as other imposing clauses made by the donors. Bazoumana Ouattara in his Research paper Disaggregating the Aid and Growth Relationship explains that foreign aid and debt there is a mystery which has not been solved by any Under developed country regarding its usage and encouraging economic growth in the country. Many of the researches by Papaneck any many other concluded the relationship between aid dependence on external source and growth to be open to doubts and questionable. But the recent researches by Burnside and Dollar claims that external aid is a way which can bring fiscal and monetary muscle in the economy and also helps to promote the trade policies of the country. Again the researcher argues that there are numerous bodies which are present through out the world giving loans and debts to less developed countries where they get into their trap when they have to take further money to pay back the previous one. So, there should be some policy which should elaborate some financial indicators which explains the solid financ ial policy atmosphere. In the research, it was concluded that the aid incomings into the countries which are already facing financial problems in their structure so get a positive response by the financial structure and it sponsors growth and financial augmentation but there are many other factors which are to be accounted for in order to create a healthy balance in taking loans and dealing with financial or fiscal deficits with in the country. Role of International Monetary Funds, according to the researcher, is the most important yet crucial one to discuss. They sanction aid to the less developed countries which have to stand for the monetary rules and regulations framed by IMP consultants. As a matter of fact, a country asks for monetary help since the internal situation on financial side is facing a serious ailment. Due to the new policies being compelled to that country, it always bring about further confusion and disorders in terms of inflation, unemployment, heavy debt piles , low tax generation, and most of the time its comes with massive political instability in the country, which further worsen the over all financial conditions of deficit edge. The research was mainly focused on the policy making which should be drafted with a lot of care and having a revolutionary thinking in order to eliminate the dependence of borrowed resource, interest payments with plod of principal payments and a lot of harass for the next generations of any particular country. Pakistans Economic Crisis and the IMF Bailout Package explains the significance of the International Monetary Fund that has already approved a bailout package of $7.6 Billion in order to help Pakistan avert from getting a default on its repute as far as the external debt is in question. Various meetings have been conducted in which IMF put is condationalities and imposments inorder to make a mechanism to get back the sum of many it lends to the country. Immediate pacts were agreed in providing an immediate $3.1 Billion sum to reinforce the countrys speedy weakening foreign exchange treasury. The ultimate goal of the arrangements to in ensure socio-economic firmness and re-establish investor assurance in Pakistan by looking keenly on the macro-economic unevenness and problems in the country. At the same time it also sends a message to the outer world that Pakistan has lost much in the war on terror and needs money in order to gain its original status of early 2000s. The country needed around $20 billion in order to prevent itself falling in the default list of Balance of Payment. Initially Pakistan was always reluctant to ask for help from the IMF due to their tough conditions on the subsidies and developmental expenditures but it was the last resort as Plan A and B did not work form the multilateral institutions and friendly countries. Going to the IMF was the need in time as there is a huge and persistent Balance of Payment and secondly, there is tax-to-GDP ratio sticking below 1o percent which is more than 17% in many of the developing countries. Furthermore there are sky high capital budget followed by public debt remaining as high as 55 percent of GDP. The arrangements made by The international Monetary funds if turns into a successful venture, it will help Pakistan in general to gather the goals and objectives in the field of fiscal and monetary deficit to some degree, mainly the phasing out of financial backing to the poor people from the government in th e form of subsidies and developmental budget. All this will help the Finance ministry to increase the revenue base of the government as reforms in tax administration will be there which will be causing 1% increment in the GST from fifteen to sixteen percent implemented in the FY2009 budget) will assist lift tax-to-GDP ratio. In the medium-term, the government will have to go for numerous steps such as eliminating exclusion in GST and the income tax and imposing Agriculture tax. A Comprehensive U.S. Policy to Pakistan states the mismanagement of Pakistans case by the Americans authority in monetary terms. It explains the current economic misery being faced by Pakistan due to its involvement in the War on Terror and other problems like political instability and terrorism. It explains that USA has put millions of Dollars in to Afghanistan and Iraq but Pakistan is the ally and much more important to the American objectives in Asia. Americas assistance to Pakistan is not up to the mark and there is growing anger of the people of Pakistan in the current democratic government and The US. Even the massive Kerry-Lugar bill was rejected by the people of Pakistan on the same grounds. There come the IMF, where Pakistan could go to. The irony of the situation is in the presence of USA, Pakistan still has to goto the IMF where it is always clear that there will be more problems coming up in the country due to the hard rules and regulations imposed by IMF. Thus there is a n immediate need that should be showed by USA in consultation with International Financial Institutions and other donors which should also take their part in providing Pakistan with significant balance of payments and budgetary support designed to prevent financial collapse and to alleviate the immediate humanitarian effects of high food and energy prices. Funds obtained from The International Monetary Funds are catered in the budgetary financing and is to be included in the respective fiscal year. On the other hand, Total Public Debt (TPD) includes domestic debt payable in Pak Rupee as well as the short, medium and long term Public Debt portion of External Debt Liabilities (expressed in Rupee term). Internal debt of Pakistan is also not showing a good picture. It is increasing day-by-day. Total Public Debt (TPD) showed a growth of 12.2 percent during the first nine months of the current fiscal year and reached Rs. 8,160 billion at the end of March 2010. Pakistans government takes again internal and external debts to service back the public deb. As far as the internal debt is concerned, government do have some grip on it but the moment the external debt comes in it, government loses its grip on the grip. In spite of the risks of extreme dependence on domestic debt, it is significant in nature to observe that government debts through l ocal aspects is fundamental in motivating investment and personal savings, as well as intensification of native financial markets, since it provides deepness and liquidity; the important aspect to run the business. The outstanding amount of IMF debt now stands at $ 7.2 billion where it was just $ 5.1 billion at the end of FY09, which shows an increment of 40 percent. Moreover, the IMF authorities have agreed to make it $11 Billion. Out of this unpaid sum; approximately US$ 1100 M is kept for the use of budgetary deficit, where the remaining should be used on the negative Balance of payment. The latest installment of approximately US$ 1.13 Billion was received on May 19, 2010.

Politics of North and South Korea Essay -- essays research papers fc

Research Essay: North Korea and South Korea Throughout the history of politics, our societies have encountered a large variety of different political and governing systems. From systems in which idealists introduced to our world, believing that they are capable of letting the world function and operate in a more efficient manner came two of the most popular political ideologies that most would recognize. They are known as democracy and communism. Even now during the twenty-first century, issues relating to the struggle between these two beliefs are still rising in different regions of the world where people are demanding more freedom. Knowing that both democracy and communism are pretty much the total opposite extremes of the other, often we hear events in which democratic countries such as the United States attempting to spread their political principles into other non-democratic areas. An interesting place to look at would be North Korea and South Korea, a place under the same name but ruled in totally opposite fashion as th e North seems to valued control, while the South seems to valued freedom. Although people nowadays always encourage and promote individual rights and freedom, does democracy really allow a more efficient governing process? Or are the ways of communist still holding certain advantages over the idea of individualism? Perhaps a more in-depth look into the difference in North and South Korea ¡Ã‚ ¦s political system would bring answers to this question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a certain Point of view, Korea has 2 distinctive Political cultures and values. Starting off with South Korea, or the  ¡Ã‚ §Republic of Korea ¡Ã‚ ¨, the political culture of South Korea is a mix of native, Chinese and Western elements. These elements includes things such as the  ¡Ã‚ §belief that human society was an integral part of the whole universe interrelated with it in maintaining order and harmony ¡Ã‚ ¨,  ¡Ã‚ §acceptance of harmony, order, and consensus as major political values and purposes. ¡Ã‚ ¨,  ¡Ã‚ §preference for decision-making by consensus, rather than by majority vote or force of arms; yet at the same time, unwillingness to compromise on matters perceived to involve principle ¡Ã‚ ¨,  ¡Ã‚ §emphasis on form and procedure, as well as substantive performance, as key elements in maintaining order ¡Ã‚ ¨, and a lot more1. In a certain points of view, South Korea ¡Ã‚ ¦s values are opposite to man... ...created and designed by Oldrich Kyn.. 2002. . 17)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ §South and North Korea. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ECONOMIC COUNTRY COMPARISONS , Site created and designed by Oldrich Kyn.. 2002. . 18)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ §South and North Korea. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ECONOMIC COUNTRY COMPARISONS , Site created and designed by Oldrich Kyn.. 2002. . Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert E. Bedeski. The Transformation of South Korea: Reform and reconstitution in the Sixth Republic Under Roh Tae Woo, 1987-1992. New York: Routledge, 1994. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Kie-Chiagn Oh. Korea: Democracy on Trial. London: Cornell University Press, 1968. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Park Chung Hee. Our Nation ¡Ã‚ ¦s Path: Ideology of Social Reconstruction. West Gate: Dong-a Publishing Company, Ltd., 1966. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ilpyong J. Jim. Communist Politics In North Korea. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Stone Macdonald. The Koreans: Contemporary Politics and Society. Boulder & London: Westview Press, 1988. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oldrich Kyn.  ¡Ã‚ §South and North Korea. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ECONOMIC COUNTRY COMPARISONS. 2002.

Martin Luther King Jr Speech Compared to a Raisin in the Sun Essay

In the speech, â€Å"I have a dream† by Martin Luther King, Jr. , he talks about equality for the all men and how he dreams about a world where people can be in harmony with no division of color. The play, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, relates to this subject in multiple facets centering around dreams. The play and speech take place in the same time period of the mid twentieth century, where color was a major divide in society. There are many similarities between the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† and the speech â€Å"I have a dream†. One example of a similarity is that both center on a dream that they or a character has. â€Å"I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustration of the movement, i still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the american dream†¦ † This is an excerpt from Kings speech that is him relating to the people that he has a dream about equality. The Raisin in the Sun also relates to this because the main character, Walter Younger, has a dream about supporting his family and supplying them with everything they have ever dreamt for. Another way they are similar is the way they reflect the inequality and hardship that racism inflicted on them and their families. In The Raisin in the Sun, the main character walter faces an unfair world where it is specifically better for people who are white instead of african american, this reflects on his career as white workers are paid significantly more than african americans. â€Å"The life of a Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. This is King explaining that after many years of african americans being released from slavery and become free americans, they are still treated the same and that they are not actually free until the people are all equal regardless to skin color. In the end, they both reflect the conditions that african americans had to go through to get equality from discrimination and segregation. Both the play and the speech had similar ideas about having dreams of equality and supporting their families.

Challenges Library Management System Essay

n 1981, UNESCO published a study prepared by Jean Lunn1 from Canada, Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation. His study is now 30 years old since its publication. Many countries have amended or significantly rewritten their legal deposit laws (Germany, Indonesia, and Norway in 1990; France in 1992, Sweden in 1994, Canada in 1995, South Africa in 1997, Denmark in 1998 and Japan & Finland in 2000). Others are in the process of doing so (Australia, India, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom). The forms of intellectual and artistic expressions have grown in different dimensions. New published media have been developed and electronic publications are now an integral part of many national publishing heritages. UNESCO was under pressure to bring out a revised edition of the Guideline in order to review the impact of it on other countries and to incorporate new forms of publishing, such as, electronic publications. The new revised and updated edition of the Guidelines of Legal 2 Deposit Legislation (2000, UNESCO) by Jules Lariviere is found to be a useful tool. The Indian relevant act, Delivery of Books Act 1954 (rev. 1956 to include newspapers and periodicals) has been under the scanner shortly after it was put into application and over the last five decades the National Library, Kolkata and the three other recipient regional public libraries, Connemara Pubic Library, Chennai, Central Library, Town Hall, Mumbai and Delhi Public Library, Delhi, and especially the publishing world directly involved with it, expressed concern and drew attention of the Government of India, of its limitations and ineffectiveness. The National Library, Federation of Indian Publishers (FIP) and several professional library organizations discussed its drawbacks and recommended revision or specific amendments of the act at various seminars, conferences and other forums. Ministry of Culture, the concerned agency of the government of India, set up several committees to deal with the National Library. The Recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission3 and its Working Group on Libraries (NKC-WGL, 2006) is completely silent on this and other national library related issues. It would be appropriate to draw attention to an article by 3. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Bandopadhyay (2000) former Director of the National Library, is exhaustive enough with a complete set of plan of action for the concerned Ministry to initiate the revision process at the earliest. As a follow up, the Ministry took some steps to obtain the views, of other stakeholders, including academics, library users group and senior library professionals. Based on these suggestions / recommendations a revised draft bill on this issue was prepared that is awaiting final clearance of the Ministry since 2006. Role of Legal Deposit Act: In simple terms Legal Deposit is a statutory obligation which requires that any organization, commercial or public, and any individual producing any type of documentation in multiple copies, be obliged to deposit one or more copies with some recognised national institution/s. It is important to make sure that legal deposit legislation covers all kinds of published material, that is, material generally produced in multiple copies and â€Å"offered to the public regardless of the means of transmission. † Public distribution could mean â€Å"performance† or â€Å"display† e.g. radio or television programme could be considered as â€Å"published† for legal deposit purposes when it has been broadcast. Within the electronic publications environment, it should be noted that a â€Å"one copy item† such as, a database , stored on one server, could be subject to legal deposit requirement since it is made available to the public through a technology enabling the public to read, hear or view the material. 5 (Lariviere ). Most countries rely on a legal instrument of some sort in order to ensure the comprehensiveness of their national deposit collection. In all countries with legal deposit system, â€Å"published material† would naturally include books, periodicals, newspapers, microforms, sheet music, maps, brochures, pamphlets, etc. In some countries audio-visual material (sound recordings, films, videos, etc. ) is also subject to legal deposit and there are several countries where electronic publications are also included into the legislation, but they have done this in different way; some have excluded on-line electronic publications because of the numerous unsolved technical problems related to their acquisition and preservation problems related to ever changing technological scenarios. Legal deposit legislation serves a clear national public policy interest by ensuring comprehensive acquisition, recording, preservation and access of a nation’s published heritage. The role of a legal deposit system is to ensure the development of a national collection of published material in various formats. It should also support the compilation and publication of national bibliography in order to ensure bibliographic control over a comprehensive deposit collection. In addition, an effective legal deposit legislation guarantees to citizens and researchers within the country and abroad, access to research collection of  the national published material. Countries are developing many different models, but are clearly unable to keep pace with the massive changes and challenges related to the deposit of intangible publications. Department of National Heritage6, UK (1997) brought out a consultative paper on current legal deposit of publication issues based on a questionnaire which identified several pertinent issues and posed a number of specific questions to which sought responses from individuals and organizations. This document could also help Indian group and the government agencies in formulating the revised DB Act. Profile of Indian book publishing Before we deal with Indian Delivery of Books Act let us first look at the present trends in book publishing in India. Over the last four decades a large majority of English language publishing has concentrated in and around the capital, Delhi. The city is also a major centre of Hindi publishing industry. With the rapid growth of higher education from 1960s and the pressure built-up within the faculties due to UGC’s policy of ‘publish or perish’ resulted in the increase of publications of research monograph. India is one of the few countries where 4 4. Invited Lectures theses and dissertations submitted for Ph. D. and other similar higher postgraduate degrees in humanities and social sciences particularly, get published as a routine matter, whereas in science and technology this would be a rare phenomenon. There is no reliable source of annual book publishing data in India or any comprehensive list of Indian publishers in different languages. D. N. Malhotra7 (2010), former President of FIP and an established publisher in English and Hindi claimed of having 15,000 20,000 publishing houses, mostly run by individuals or as single family business. According to Vinutha Mallay8 Senior Editor of Mapin Publishing, India is the sixth largest publishing industry in the world with annual growth of 15-20%; third largest publishers of books in English, around 90,000 to 100,000 books are published annually, there are about 19,000 publishers in the country; in addition sixty per cent of global publishing outsourcing is based in India. This growth trend is noticeable only from the 70s onwards when book trade turnover increased gradually due to numerical growth of educational and research institutions at every level. As we look back a few decades, the demand of English books grew fast in libraries of newly established universities, research institutions and other academic centres. Individual buyers of books constitute only a small percentage. Bulk of the titles was imported from the English speaking countries, mostly from the UK and USA based publishing houses. This book import business is largely handled by a few Delhi based book importers and distributors. To accelerate the book supply process from the shelves and warehouses the importers / distributers devised a practice of sending books on credit to academic staff and libraries, through local vendors or jobbers (newcomers in book trade to supply books ‘on approval’ basis). They were allowed to take back books â€Å"not selected† within a credit limit of six months only. Within a few years these jobbers turned into legitimate vendors with book stock of their own which could not be returned to the wholesalers within the stipulated six months credit limit. They start bookshops with the ‘dead stock’ of their own and continue to supply books to the institutions on prevailing terms and conditions. These vendors, having direct contacts with the researchers and faculty members on day to day basis, being the actual selectors in all educational institutions, get offers to publish research monographs of academics. Many of them grabbed these offers on their own terms thereby joining the exclusive club of publishers. We now find several of these vendors are retail bookshop owners, library suppliers and also publishers, all in one. Perhaps it would not be out of place to add a few words of Iain Stevenson9 on the recent trends in British publishing keeping in mind that India is claimed to be the third largest English language publishing country. ‘Since the beginning of this century, there have been strong trends in British publishing in the increase in concentration of publishing and book selling ownership balanced by healthy specialization and the second is an increasing awareness and impact of electronic media and delivery across sectors that have created a large impact across the book trade. In 2004 over 161,000 individual book titles were published in the U.K. as compared to 119,000 in 2001 and over 2. 5 times the number in 1990. Consumers spending on books reach 2436 m. sterling pounds (in 2000 it was 2000 million) out of which 30% was from the export sales. Individual buyers comprised the largest market share, about 70% of total book sale and 20% to academic institutions and corporate bodies’. Indian Legal Deposit Legislation or Delivery of Books Act 1954 and its aftermath The act, commonly referred to as DB Act10 was amended in 1956 to include newspapers and serials under its purview. Annual publishing of books in India during 1950s was small 5. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) and below 30,000 titles, whereas by 2010 it is claimed to have exceeded 100,000 [estimated figure obtained from FIP in the absence of any official data from any reliable source] with substantial increase in the coverage of subjects, such as, science and technology. In a recent 11 Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture the National Library claimed to have received 29,875 publications under the DB Act which happens to be only 30% of the estimated total publications as indicated by senior executives of the Library in several professional forums. It was also being pointed out in such gatherings that the other three recipient libraries under this Act, in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai received even less during the same period. It is worth noting that this was claimed to be the highest figure ever reached by the library ‘due to a special drive’12Intellectual resource (NACONAL 2006). UNESCO Statistical Yearbook is silent on the number of books published annually or the number of libraries in India over the last several decades, although India is one of the major contributors and active member of this international body. This sad state of affaire obviously reached, and continue to be, due to simple negligence of all concern. In most other countries annual publication figures were being provided by organizations declared as recipient/s under the legal deposit or copyright legislation of the country. There must be several reasons for the Library to reach in such a state and to argue, we guess, the limitations of DB Act cannot be the primary cause of it. Rigid administrative and fiscal rules and regulations adopted by the Library to operate under the guidance of the Ministry, is surely to my mind, a major factor but not the main one. The crux of the matter is National Library never received a large number of recent Indian publications under the DB Act. We do not know who all are claimed to be Indian publishers. A sizable number of them are ignorant of DB Act obligations. It is also a fact that number of ‘one time authorpublishers’ is also very high (15% – 20%) especially in vernacular languages. The National Library together with the Central Reference Library committed to bring out Indian National Bibliography(INB) based on the books received under the DB Act, similar in format of the British National Bibliography (BNB). However, neither the British Library (formerly British Museum Library) nor the Indian National Library is in any obligation under their respective legal deposit acts to bring out national bibliographies of books thus received under their respective legal deposit acts. . Bandhopadhyay13 points out,’rules and policy adopted are working smoothly for the British Library but similar regulations unexpectedly, failed to work in our case. One has to keep in mind the fact that default in U. K. is an exception rather than general rule unlike in India’. The provision of penalty for default in DB Act of Rs. 50. 00 sounds just notional. Either revise it to a figure e. g. , Rs. 1000. 00 or 4-5 times of the actual market price of single copy, whichever is higher or just make it voluntary, and hope for the best. The reason of suggesting the latter provision is to avoid the highly cumbersome and built-in procedural delay within our legal system. Since 1958 National Library did not take any legal action against one single defaulter till date. In UK and USA penalty clause is not mentioned as the legal deposit provision is covered under the country’s copyright acts. It is because of this factor legal deposit provision is genuinely more effective and acceptable to authors and publishers of these countries. It would be more realistic to suggest that National Library shall receive one copy of every Indian ‘publication’ and the three other regional repository libraries in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai shall have the right to claim any current publication in their respective regional languages only, delivered free of cost under the revised provisions of the DB Act. The current practice of demanding four copies of every publication to be delivered free of cost to each of 6. Invited Lectures these four libraries (including National Library) failed to meet our expectations. This is in addition to what publishers have to comply with the demands of different state central libraries under the Press and Book Registration Act of 1867. Moreover, a large volume of these books and other publications, thus received, especially language publications that are not so commonly used in some regions are usually being ‘dumped’ or just temporarily stored as these are of ‘no use’ to the library. This is a colossal wastage of national resource. On the other hand it would not be cost effective to make these so to say, ‘unused books’ (four copies of each) routinely processed, provide costly storage space as well as maintaining them for the posterity in four regional libraries. The National Library shall receive one copy for preservation and access only; create bibliographic records for the benefit of all stakeholders. There are several categories of publications e. g. in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages shall find users in other three regional libraries. Let us accept the real time scenario in terms of availability and accessibility for application of information and communication technologies (ICT) within library systems. Bibliographic data of publications received by the National Library under legal deposit legislation will be accessible to others from INB and National Library catalogue / database online. These three libraries shall buy one copy of all selected books in EHSU languages, from any local vendor / publishers. Additional fund annually spend by three libraries on this account shall be reimbursed from a special annual central government grant. The proposed module is based on the British legal deposit act where the British Library, London receives one copy of every book / publication and the other five libraries (Wales National Library, Aberystwyth, Scottish National Library, Edinburgh, Oxford University, Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin) obtain direct from the publishers, one copy of every book of their choice, selected from the weekly list of books received in the British Library under the legal deposit act. We made an attempt to get some estimation of the annual cost of books published under these four (EHSU) ‘common languages’ from INB and the National library that would give an idea of the total fund required for the three regional libraries under the revised provision of the Act. All the three libraries receive some annual grant from the central government. The revised provision in the act will also bring some savings in terms of time and resources, as lesser number of books are to be dealt with by the libraries. Sooner than later, it  will be a reality (within a decade or so) of making available a digital copy of an Indian publication by the National Library online, that was not originally selected or received earlier to a library or an individual from its own stock within or outside the country. The technology is already in experimental stage at various levels. Slowly and gradually a large part of Indian publications will be brought out in e-format only, which will also change our current perception of borrowing or consulting a ‘book’ from a conventional library. Till we reach that stage in India and the transitional period of overlap (20 years? ) we shall carry on with both the systems as we are now have both bullock carts as well as a BMW 7e series cars on our roads for transportation. Indian library systems shall take a longer path and time to switch over to reach this goal. Moreover, any change in our library ‘modernization’ programme shall be fully dependent on application of technological innovations resulting in inevitable 14 acceptance of a never ending process. Thomas Abhram in a recent article expressed, â€Å"ebooks will be hugely cheaper with the removal of paper and inventory costs†¦. All things taken into account, books in print format are not certainly going away ever from circulation. And e-books, from a publishing point of view, are a ‘consummation devoutly to be wished’. We in India, specially the National Library are to continue dealing with print copies of books for several decades together with information resources available in e-books and or in any other format. 7 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Table 1: Books in Indian Languages Received in National Library LANGUAGE 2007 08 Assamese Bengali English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Total 97 991 5756 127 2370 687 1500 1400 2661 602 112 3685 248 521 20757 NL/DB Act 2008 – 09 35 1463 5385 348 1722 600 1200 1351 52 576 287 2526 145 304 15994 337 2189 5530 476 1237 877 866 1341 750 000 111 1186 406 292 15598 300 350 450 830 INB (2010) AVERAGE COST. The figures quoted above (Table-1) under Books received by the National Library under DB Act during 2007-08 and 2008-09 and those listed in INB for 2010 (CRL) were obtained from the respective libraries on personal requests. In a paper presented at the NACONAL 2006 by Mandal & Syed Abuzar15 (2006) indicated National Library received about 20,000 books annually during 1990 2002. They claimed the Library received about 30,000 during 2005-06 due to some special drive and about similar number of volumes during 2010-11as recorded in the Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture. Unfortunately we could not get breakdown of figures under each language of 29,875 books received during 2005-06 nor of INB listed figures for 2009 and 2011. The significant gap of Oriya books received during 2007-08 and 2008-09 was due to some special efforts put by the concerned language specialist during 2007. [Note:Average cost of recently published books in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages has been worked out from a sample of books procured by University of Delhi, Central Library, Central Secretariat Library and the U. S. Library of Congress, Book Procurement Centre in Delhi. We made here an estimation of annual additional grant amount to be provided by central government to support the three regional libraries (in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai) under the proposed revised legal deposit legislation. The National Library shall receive one copy only of every Indian publication free of cost delivered by the publishers, and the three regional public libraries are to purchase one copy of any book (in EHSU languages) selected by a library from open market. The three libraries are entitled, under the law, to receive free of cost, one copy of a book published in respective regional languages. It is estimated that each library shall selectively acquire per year about 30,000 new Indian publications (10,000 EHSU + 20,000 in respective regional languages) out of about 90,000 books published annually. It means, central government shall reimburse annually the cost of 30,000 books in EHSU languages where average cost of a set of four EHSU books is Rs. 2000 or Rs. 60 million (30,000 x2000 = 60,000,000). In addition, another 10m (Rs. 10,000,000) would be required to cover annual subscription cost of EHSU periodicals and newspapers. Thus we reach an estimated figure of Rs. 70m or 7crore (add another 10% 8 Invited Lectures annually for inflation). These figures are being presented to get some idea of the extra cost we propose to pass on to the central government exchequer. ] If this revised guidelines are adopted in our legal deposit act (now under revision) by taking over the extra burden of book fund of the three regional libraries by the central exchequer then we could surely expect of getting better cooperation from the publishing fraternity in fulfilling their responsibilities towards the provisions of the revised act. Group of publishers bringing out EHSU language publications are to supply only TWO free copies, like all other publishers, one to the National Library and the other to Parliament Library. The only sensible expectation of the publishers from the CRL / National Library is to bring out a comprehensive, up to date online INB, listing all currently published titles thus received under the act and provide facilities of easy access to the readers within a reasonable time frame. Under the revised provision of the act, there is a strong opinion that Chennai based Connemara Public Library shall receive one copy free of cost, of every publication in Dravidian languages (e. g. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu). Similarly Central Library, Mumbai shall receive books in all western Indian languages, such as Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, etc. , and Delhi Public Library shall get publications in Punjabi, Kashmiri, etc. as commonly spoken in the three respective regions. National Library is to receive one copy of all the publications. In addition to the respective regional languages publications these three libraries shall purchase one copy of publications of their choice, in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU), from publishers / local vendors. Total annual cost of this category of publications shall be reimbursed from central exchequer. With the introduction of advanced network technologies, libraries shall be benefitted for not to process (Catalogue / classify highest cost factor) these books as relevant data can be downloaded from INB. The second alternative is to incorporate legal deposit provision within the revised copyright legislation as done in the USA and UK. It is possible to reduce the number of defaulting Indian publishers to bare minimum. Only very recently the National Library claimed to have increased intake of publications under the Act by extensive promotional work through the media and sending direct appeal to publishers that have helped it in bringing more and more publishers within the DB Act net. Secondly, if the total number of copies of each title (an average of seven copies) under both PR and DB Acts could be drastically reduced to minimum two only, there is a hope of getting full support and cooperation of Indian publishers to go by the rule book. Third and the most important factor is to make INB up to date and bring it out at regular frequency (monthly! ) with the target of putting it online within a scheduled time frame. What we need is determination and political will to make the India’s National Library the effective hub of Indian library systems. Similarly, there are several other issues, listed below, which also require attention by both the National Library and appropriate government agencies that shall help in making India proud of its National Library. Central Reference Library (CRL): In 1971 administration of the CRL was separated from the National Library by making it a subordinate office under the Department of Culture. This was an ideal opportunity we missed, for shifting the CRL to Delhi. In the middle of 1970s Central Government created a new wing of the Central Secretariat Library (CSL) and named it as Tulsi Sadan Library to collect and provide access exclusively to all Indian language (excluding English) publications, to commemorate the 400th year of Tulsidasa (of Ramcharitmanas fame). CSL could have been merged with CRL and allowed it to operate from some temporary location till a permanent ‘home’ could be found or built at the proposed site opposite to the National Museum on 9 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Janpath, originally proposed by Edwin Lutyens. CRL would have been the natural choice of declaring it as the fourth recipient public library in Delhi, under the DBAct (instead of making the Delhi Public Library with reluctance, during the 1970s). Ministry of Culture is now under heavy pressure for shifting the Central Secretariat Library out of Shastri Bhavan complex due to severe space crunch and security issues. It is a fact that CSL has lost its original objective of serving information needs of all central secretariat units. Today all the ministries are having their own libraries with specialized collections to cater their respective information needs. It now serves as a general reading room for Shastri Bhavan employees. Reading for pleasure is not so common with the government employees. Central Secretariat Library is administratively a subordinate office of the Ministry of Culture. A large section of its regular visitors, viz. postgraduate students and research scholars have stopped visiting the library due to overwhelming security checks involved in getting through Shastri Bhavan. Recently several thousand volumes of its rich older collections were being disposed under executive orders to make room for babus of the Ministry. It could have been easier to find a suitable location for CRL (incorporating CSL) in Delhi during 1970s. Attempts were also being made during the 1970s and 1980s to merge the CRL with the National Library but these were also stalled by staff associations of the two libraries. During this period, management of the National Library was weak as a result, library service also suffered considerably. Central government in Delhi continued to be indecisive in taking appropriate steps while local library administration in Kolkata failed to deal with the day to day issues in any effective manner. It was more of a failure of the management both at the operational as well as policy making levels. The government allowed the National Library to drift away in the absence of any suitable action plan in place to overcome the crisis. Nor there was any move or pressure from any other corner – library professionals, media or library users’ group. This long drawn uncertainty and lack of effective management control within the National Library campus directly affected services and administration of Central Reference Library thereby putting publication of INB also on the back burner. Indian National Bibliography (INB): It started in 1958 following the British National Bibliography (BNB) format. To overcome the complexity of multi-script languages it adopted Romanization of all scripts with the descriptive part of each entry in English. This has created problems for many who are not familiar with Roman script or English language. The job of printing INB monthly issues was given exclusively to the Government of India Press in Kolkata that failed to realise, from the beginning, the importance of maintaining the production and delivery schedule. After years of persuasion by CRL the Ministry allowed printing of INB through private press. Cataloguing of every title, received by the National Library under BD Act, is first to be acknowledged by the Library then sent to CRL on record, where it will be catalogued once according to INB practices and then books shall be sent back to the National Library for re-cataloguing according to its own specified rules followed by due processing for storage. This long drawn administrative procedural factors and duplication of cataloguing  process have claimed to be a major cause of delay from the date of receipt of the publication to the time its record is found in INB followed by making it available to readers of National Library This delay factor has also indirectly discouraged publishers to follow the DB Act guidelines strictly on the pretext of not finding INB to be a regular and up to date periodical either as a reliable check list of current Indian publications or a selection tool for libraries and other stakeholders; nor their publications are found in any bibliographic record of the National Library on time. National Library takes its own time, sometime nearly two years, to allow access to the books received under the DB Act. Importance of promotion and marketing of INB did never get much support from the concerned authorities. Adoption of appropriate technologies at 10 Invited Lectures different levels of administration and access to resources has been continuously lagged behind. Most national libraries of the world are having full responsibilities of preserving and allowing access to their collections by providing adequate indexing and other access tools, e.  g. national bibliographies, subject bibliographies, annotated catalogues of special collections, many of these are now accessible online on their respective websites. We must allow the National Library for setting up National Bibliographic Division with full control of bringing out INB and to provide other bibliographic services covering pan-India in appropriate standardized formats, as required from time to time. By taking full advantage of technological advances supported by a group of committed well qualified staff the Library would be able to help in both improving and widening the scope of services to individuals as well as to provide back-up services to a large number of academic and public libraries in and outside the country. For example, the day Indian libraries in general adopt the same processing format for all new titles listed in INB,India can claim to have won half the battle in modernizing our library services and systems. Without going into details one can only highlight the fact of centralized processing initiated and applied in most national libraries which have directly and indirectly helped respective library systems of these countries. We are well aware of the fact that both the CRL and INB are as if, linked with the DB Act by an umbilical cord that needs to be focused and dealt with separately for a drastic revision. Proposals l l Title of the revised act may be â€Å"Delivery of Publications (National Library) Act. Definition of Publications shall include – all printed documents, such as, books, periodicals, serials, newspapers, e-publications including audio books, CD books, DVDs and digital online publications and /or any other reformatted or original document produced for commercial distribution, e. g. microform documents. Only one copy of all publications shall be delivered free of charge, direct to the National Library of India (or at an address specified by the Library). The act shall also make adequate provision for the three regional libraries based in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai to receive on.